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Wellness Foods + Supplements 2/2022

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  • Harnischcom
  • Proteins
  • Peptides
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  • Fatigue
  • Robuvit
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  • Cinnamon
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Wellness Foods & Supplements is the first European magazine devoted exclusively to health ingredients, nutraceutical foods and beverages. Questions about the trade magazine Wellness Foods & Supplements? Interested in subscribing or advertising? The board of editors at Wellness Foods & Supplements kindly remains at your disposal.

Enzymes Photo © :

Enzymes Photo © : AdobeStock/butenkow Actinidin: A natural protease from kiwifruit What are enzymes, and more specifically, proteases? Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions which occur in living organisms, for example, the digestion of food or synthesis of DNA. Enzymes have different functions which are determined by their shape and the type and sequence of amino acids they are made of, and an enzyme will only catalyse the reactions of the specific substances it was made for. The most commonly known enzymes are our digestive enzymes: lipases, amylases, and proteases. Proteases catalyse the breakdown of proteins (a process known as proteolysis) into smaller protein fragments (called peptides) or into single amino acids. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds between the amino acids making up the protein. In the body, the breakdown of dietary protein is essential as it allows for the absorption of amino acids into the bloodstream. These amino acids can then be distributed through the rest of the body, usually to be utilised as building blocks by cells in the body to create new proteins, such as enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins (e. g., keratin, collagen 22 No. 2 August/September 2022

Enzymes and elastin), and messenger proteins (e. g., hormones). Muscles and tendons are predominantly protein, which is why bodybuilders supplement their diets with protein or amino acids. Proteases can be classified into various groups, depending on the amino acid(s) the protease utilises in its active site for proteolysis. Cysteine (or thiol) proteases are one such group (i.e., it contains the amino acid cysteine in its active site) and are commonly encountered in fruit, including papaya (papain), pineapple (bromelain), fig (ficin) and kiwifruit (actinidin). In contrast, our natural stomach protease (pepsin) is an aspartic protease (i. e., it contains the amino acid aspartate in its active site). The digestion of dietary proteins in humans begins in the stomach where the initial breakdown is normally done via the action of stomach secretions of pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The resulting amino acids and peptides make their way to the small intestine where further enzymes (e. g., trypsin) continue to the digest the remaining peptides into amino acids and small peptides which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. Some dietary proteins are more poorly digested than others and the presence of a significant amount of poorly digested dietary protein in the stomach can reduce the rate of emptying of the stomach leading to that overfull feeling. The proteolytic action of pepsin in the stomach on dietary proteins may be assisted by consumption of plant-derived proteases such as actinidin. What is actinidin? Actinidin is a unique cysteine protease from kiwifruit. Actinidin tertiary (3D) structure, with secondary (2D) substructural domains such as α-helixes (coiled chains of amino acids) shown as coiled ribbons, and β-sheets (directional zig-zagging chains of amino acids) shown as arrows, adjoined by loops of intervening amino acid chains as one continuous folded polypeptide. From the Protein Databank (1AEC). Varughese KI, Su Y, Cromwell D, Hasnain S, Xuong NH (June 1992). "Crystal structure of an actinidin- E-64 complex". Biochemistry 31 (22): 5172–6. The name actinidin is derived from Actinidia, which is the botani cal (Latin) name for the genus of kiwifruit (e.g., green kiwifruit are Actinidia deliciosa). Actinidin was first proposed by Arcus in 1959 [1] after it was observed that raw kiwifruit prevents the setting of jelly, a natural, whole kiwifruit source of protein-digesting actinidin • Facilitate more rapid absorption of amino acids • Reduce bloating and discomfort • Ideal for pre/post-workout, children and elderly Distributed by: www.actazin.com www.denkingredients.de

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