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Wellness Foods + Supplements 1/2023

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  • Harnischcom
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  • Mineral
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  • Ashwagandha
Wellness Foods & Supplements is the first European magazine devoted exclusively to health ingredients, nutraceutical foods and beverages. Questions about the trade magazine Wellness Foods & Supplements? Interested in subscribing or advertising? The board of editors at Wellness Foods & Supplements kindly remains at your disposal.

Ingredient fraud sium

Ingredient fraud sium Carbonate in combination with citric acid leads to the formation of Magnesium Citrate in the stomach. The absorption of valuable components might be strongly reduced. Any product subject to adulteration does not meet health requirements beneficial to customers and certainly will not withstand the standards of the manufacturer distributing final products. Moreover, uncontrolled impurity profiles due to raw materials that are contaminated with e. g. heavy metals might occur. In the case of chemically synthetically manufactured products that are fully reacted, purification processes are used to remove any undesirable substances. Fully reacted Mineral Salts √ high purity √ genuine health benefits √ high bioavailability √ less side effects Fake Mineral Salts uncontrolled impurity profiles low absorption formulation stability problems misbranded and adulterated final products Regulatory status The regulation of Mineral Salts for the use in food supplements is one of the most complex topics in food law. In Europe, in the United States as well as in Asia compliance with food law provisions is monitored by competent supervisory authorities. Although final pro ducts must be registered with local authorities, they are only checked at random. The manufacturers are responsible for the safety and the correct declaration of their products; but the lack of published monographs of many widely used Mineral Salts leaves buyers, product developers and quality departments wondering if the pro ducts they buy are indeed safe. These unreliable practices continue to create uncertainty about the chemical manufacturing process, and too many doubting if the desired product is in fact a fully reacted organic Mineral Salt. Process of manufacturing High purity fully reacted organic Mineral Salts are known to be highly bioavailable for the human body. They are typically manufactured by a chemical reaction, wherein an acid and an alkaline Mineral source react in an aqueous solution. The result of a complete reaction is the formation of a Salt compound that is highly pure and fully reacted. This process is a so-called neutralization reaction, where a strong acid and a strong base counteract each other and a neutral solution with a pH-value of 7 is obtained. This is why most fully reacted Mineral Salts have a fairly neutral pH-value. This, on the other hand, stands in contrast to a dry blend of ingredients that show an acidic or alkaline pH-value. The possibility of purification within the production process as well as clearly defined structures for the final organic salt can only be ensured by using sophisticated manufacturing processes. In this case the purification process includes the elimination of impurities like heavy metals, residues from mining, foreign matter and others. For each element individual impurities are characteristic: Magnesium is typically accompanied by nickel, whereas Zinc occurs with lead and cadmium. Furthermore, Iron Salts are often accompanied by various heavy metals and a purification step is crucial. Examples and deficiencies of Mineral Salt “Fakes” A fully reacted Trimagnesium Dicitrate for example shows an almost neutral pH-value. A simple way to demonstrate the presence of unreacted mineral base is the addition of acid. A product blended with Carbonate or Oxide, will create an effervescence reaction. Many Oxides contain Carbonate residues by nature. These alkaline ingredients for example can react with any acidic ingredients and produce CO 2 .The unreacted blend can cause additional uncontrollable and unforeseeable reactions. A blend of unreacted salts might be unstable due to slow but ongoing reactions in the formula of the final product. Table 1: Examples for Mineral content of fully reacted organic Salts and their pH-value Organic Acid Product Name Mineral Content pH (in 1% solution) Ascorbate Magnesium L-Ascorbate 5.5 - 6.2% approx. 7 Citrate Trimagnesium Dicitrate, anhydrous 14.5 - 16.4% approx. 7 Bisglycinate Ferrous Bisglycinate 21.6 - 23.0% approx. 8 Malate Magnesium DL-Malate 3-hydrate 11.3 - 11.8% approx. 7 26 No. 1 April/May 2023

Ingredient fraud This reaction can also result in hardened powder formulas or popped/burst blister packs with tablets that are disintegrated. Those alkaline substances can also react with other substances in the formulation, e. g. Vitamin C or cause unforeseeable exothermic reactions. Decomposed mixtures could even comprise hazardous, corrosive substances. In liquid applications, like beverages, an adulterated/blended product might not show the solubility of a fully reacted Mineral Salt. It might dissolve in an inappropriate time or even become sedimentary, thereby damaging the integrity of the final product being sold and consumed. Formulations that contain blends of mineral ingredients may have inappropriate or misleading ingredient labelling. In the case of Trimagnesium Dicitrate, one should become conscientious when purchasing a product with a content of 20 % Magnesium. Due to the stoichiometry of a fully reacted Magnesium Citrate, it can only offer a maximum of 16 % Magnesium in the anhydrous form. Even with the best drying capabilities, a higher Magnesium content cannot be achieved. Therefore, pro ducts claiming a higher mineral content are blends and should be labelled in the ingredients lists accordingly e. g. Magnesium Citrate and Magnesium Oxide/Magnesium Carbonate. Another example is a “chelated taste free Iron Salt”, which sounds like the perfect solution for any application where taste and bioavail ability are required. Unfortunately, this is not possible. Chelated Mineral Salts are fully reacted complex molecules. In the case of Bisglycinates they are Salts of the endogenous amino acid glycine. They bind the glycine directly through a highly sophisticated chemical manufacturing process in the presence of citric acid until they are fully reacted: meaning that a bonding has been formed in the complex between the mineral ion and its ligands. The chelate structure has a positive effect on the solubility, which improves the bioavailability of this organic compound. 1,2 Moreover, the amino acid chelate is only digested in the intestine, which optimizes the absorption. 3 Most chelated Minerals have a strong (often negative) taste impression. In case of chelated Iron they even leave a metallic taste in the mouth. It is apparent that products claiming to be tasteless like a “taste free Iron Bisglycinate” are blends of unreactive salts. When taking a closer look to those products one can recognize that, a reddish material, which shows high magnetic properties, cannot be a fully reacted Ferrous Bisglycinate with a typically greenish-brown colour and without any magnetic characteristics. This would rather be a blend of Iron(III) Oxide and Iron powder and the amino acid glycine. Analysis is tricky in this case because it is possible to find Fe(II) when doing a wet-chemical analysis even though the ingredients of the blend are entirely unreactive. Another example could be Magnesium Taurate that has been used rather rarely so far. It is permitted for the use in food supplements in Europe. 4 It features a bioavailable source of Magnesium combined with the natural body constituent Taurate, which most customers know as core ingredient in “energy drinks” (taurine, a naturally occurring beta-amino acid). However, there are products on the market which are only dry blends of Magnesium Oxide and Taurine. Apart from the fact that the alleged fully reacted material is not soluble a more detailed examination, for example with a complementing combination of two methods like an elemental and structural analysis (by using XRD and EDX on the electron microscope), can be used to identify the material. In the qualitative analysis of the surface of solid or powdery materials, the Energy Dispersive spectroscopy by X-rays (EDX) is used to identify the elements. Fig. 1: Structure of a fully reacted Ferrous Bisglycinate, (Photo © : Dr. Paul Lohmann GmbH & Co. KGaA) In SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) pictures a heterogeneous structure provides the first hint on an unreacted compound. The SEM picture (see Fig. 2) of the fake Mineral shows smooth, large Taurine No. 1 April/May 2023 27

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