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Wellness Foods & Supplements 1/2021

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Micronutrients With

Micronutrients With higher vitamin D levels, COVID-19 infections are less common. The risk of a severe course of the disease also correlates significantly inversely with the vitamin D status. (9, 10) A clinical study has already shown that an additional, complementary dose of vitamin D has a beneficial effect on the course of the disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. While only one patient (2 %) of 50 patients who also received vitamin D required intensive medical treatment, such treatment was required in 13 of 26 patients (50 %) from the control group. (11) The quantity of vitamin D that is required to achieve a certain blood level can be easily calculated by multiplying the desired value with body weight. To achieve a level of 40 ng/ml, a 70 kg weighting adult would have to supplement about 2800 I.U. Vitamin D3 (40 ng/ml x 70 kg 2800 I.U.). Vitamin C Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) forms an essential cofactor in collagen synthesis. In addition, ascorbic acid is involved in hormone and neurotransmitter metabolism and, as a water-soluble antioxidant, can protect tissue from oxidative damage. Particularly high concentrations are therefore found in leukocytes in which vitamin C helps to protect against oxidative self-damage. A vitamin C deficiency leads to fatigue, poor performance, susceptibility to infections and poor wound healing. During an acute infection process, the vitamin C requirement increases, so that the concentrations in serum and immune cells decrease significantly. As an IV high-dose therapy, ascorbic acid is used for the complementary treatment of COVID-19 patients. Significantly reduced mortality and a shorter hospital stay are reported. (12) A review by Hemilä et al. (2019) was also able to show that oral doses of vitamin C, in the range of 1-3 g per day, can influence the course of the disease in intensive care patients in a significantly favorable way. According to this, ascorbic acid can reduce the duration of mechani cal ventilation by 18 % and the duration of intensive care treatment by an average of 8.6 %. (13) Zink The trace element zinc is required for the function of more than 300 enzymes and has a decisive influence on our immune system. Through its functions in protein metabolism and cell division, it plays an important role in the integrity of the mucous membrane and its resistance to pathogens. A clinical study with study participants between the ages of 65 and 82 years, who supplemented 10 mg zinc daily for seven weeks, showed a significantly reduced cytokine release and improved control of the immune response. While the unspecific activation of-T cells decreased, the T-cell response to stimulation with antigens improved. Accordingly, zinc counteracts a proinflammatory metabolic situation. Compared to certain anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies, zinc supplementation does not lead to a general inhibition of the immune response. Zinc improves the immune response to pathogens and reduces the incidence of infections. (14) In the case of acute infections, short-term supplementation of higher doses (in the range of 75 mg) zinc in the form of lozenges could be beneficial. In the case of colds, a reduction in the duration of illness by up to 42 % has been reported. (15) Selenium As selenocysteine, the trace element selenium is contained in the active centre of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which plays a key role in detoxification processes and the neutralization of peroxide. It contributes to the breakdown of oxygen radicals that are released during phagocytosis by immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages in order to oxidatively destroy pathogens. A sufficient antioxidant capacity of the organism is of great importance for the function of the immune system in order to limit the damage to the body's own structures. About two thirds of the average selenium intake is obtained through animal foods. However, the selenium content of corresponding foods is fluctuating and depends on the content of the feed used. In 2015, the D-A-CH specialist societies increased the reference values for intake for women to 60 µg daily and for men to 70 µg daily. 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 [μg/Day] 45 49 Belgium Denmark 43 Germany 70% 15 vegetarian diet 105 Finland* *Selenium enrichment in fertilizers 63 47 59 36 France Great Britain Fig. 3: Plant foods usually contain only small amounts of selenium. Animal foods provide 70 % of the selenium supply for women and men in Germany. In the area of animal breeding, reference is made to a frequent undersupply. According to this, 38 % of cattle in Germany have a selenium deficiency. (17) Compared to the USA, dietary selenium intake is significantly lower in Europe. (18) For this reason, in Finland fertilizers are fortified with selenium. The main risk groups for selenium deficiency are the elderly, vegetarians and vegans. Netherlands Norway 30 Sweden 79 Spain 130 USA 8 No. 1 April/May 2021

Micronutrients For breastfeeding women, the value was adjusted to 75 µg daily. The amount of selenium ingested with food in Germany is only estimated to be in the range of 38 µg (women) and 47 µg (men) (Fig. 3). (16) Selenium levels in the range of 100-130 µg/l (corresponding to 125-163 µg/l for whole blood determination) are a prerequisite for the optimal function of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. In an investigation in the Brandenburg area, however, only blood levels in the range of 60-80 µg/l (corresponding to 75-100 µg/l for whole blood determination) were measured. A daily supplementation of 200-300 µg selenium (as sodium selenite) can help to optimize the antioxidant capacity. (19) A good selenium supply is associated with a favourable influence on the course of a COVID-19 illness. In a study with 166 patients, the selenium status of 132 recovered patients averaged 53.3 µg/l, while 34 deceased had an average status of only 40.8 µg/l. (20) The trace element is therefore used to treat people with COVID-19 illness. Coenzyme Q10 As an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, coenzyme Q10 plays a key role in aerobic energy production. It is also a powerful fat-soluble antioxidant that accumulates in cellular membrane structures and protects them from oxidative damage. Coenzyme Q10 can regenerate other antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E, which can also intercept more free radicals. Particularly high concentrations of the coenzyme are found in tissues with high metabolic activity or high energy consumption, such as heart, kidney, liver and muscle tissue. However, the endogenous (endogenous) synthesis decreases with increasing age. As the concentration of antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10 decreases, there is an increase in radical-induced damage, which can be detected by appropriate markers. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce oxidative stress and improve the function of the mitochondria. Coenzyme Q10 has a significant anti-inflammatory effect. A metaanalysis was able to confirm a pronounced reduction in inflammation markers such as CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. (21) In patients with community-acquired pneumonia, it was found that supplementation can significantly reduce the time in a clinically unstable state and the average time of hospital stay (Fig. 4). (22) Magnesium Innovation Magnesium Citrate Malate ◆ Permitted for food supplements in Europe since 2021 ◆ High and clear solubility ◆ Stable in high concentrated solutions ◆ Pleasant taste

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