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petfood pro 3/2021

PetFood PRO is the international magazine for executives and specialists in the manufacture of food for domestic animals – the pet food industry. The magazine focuses on food and delicacies for dogs, cats and other small animals, ornamental birds and fish, as well as animals kept in terrariums. We publish feature articles, reports and announcements about new ingredients, technology, equipment and processes, packaging machinery and materials as well as marketing trends and developments. Readers are executives, product developers and specialists in the pet food industry, including process and packaging engineers. PetFood PRO will be published in English. Circulation is worldwide, with an emphasis on important growth markets.

Ingredients Proteins

Ingredients Proteins “outside the box”: Resource-saving, Grain-free and Vegan Protein flours, press cakes and algae can replace meat as the classic source of protein to a considerable extent. The alternatives have both nutritional and sustainability advantages: They exhibit a significantly better carbon footprint than meat and are not subject to the widely discussed issues involving factory farming. Proteins: Their functions and Petspecific protein needs Proteins are significant components of the cells in your pet’s body. Among others, theyhave the following functions: • Providing support and structure – as the organic substance in connective tissue, hair and feathers • Protection – as antibodies • Regulating bodily functions – as enzymes and hormones 20 to 50 percent of an animal’s body are proteins. Although proteins perform the same functions in different species, the needs of each species can vary significantly. For example, a cat needs almost twice as much protein as a dog . The increased need stems from the fact that a cat’s body processes proteins and amino acids at a very high rate. As there is no way to reduce that rate, cats can come to suffer from protein deficiencies very quickly if they do not consume sufficient amounts of the necessary amino acids. In addition, it is important to mention the special role taurine plays in feline diets. Cats can only metabolise this organic compound in very small amounts. Taurine is found far predominantly in animal sources. In contrast to cats, dogs can produce taurine from methionine and cysteine themselves. Within each species of animal, the food and nutritional needs vary for each individual – the most important factors being age, breed, weight and physical activity. Advantages of alternative sources of protein Traditionally, meat is the main source of protein in pet food. However, nowadays more and more pet parents seek more sustainable dietary options. Particularly vegans and vegetarians want to raise their pets on a more or less exclusively plantbased diet. They purposefully buy pet food that meets these requirements – but without compromising nutritional value, for example the amount of protein and amino acids. Other ingredients are explicitly undesired. For example, pet parents are increasingly making sure that the food is grain-free whenever possible, as grains have been said to trigger allergies and hypersensitivities. This presumption boosts the trend towards grain-free pet food, which the pet parents wish to find in one product together with their demand for a predominately or exclusively plant-based feed. However, a purely vegan diet is difficult to realize for a cat, considering its taurine needs previously mentioned. Nevertheless, there are some very good arguments for a largely plant-based diet with some animalbased components to cover all nutritional needs. One of the main arguments here is th at plant-based sources of protein are unburdened by the negative emotions and ethical conflicts associated with factory farming and slaughtering. At the same time, plant-based proteins represent a powerful “yes“ to resource conservation and climate protection: Animal-based proteins, i.e., meat, can only be produced by farm animals first consuming (plant-based) proteins and then metabolizing them into animal-based proteins in their bodies – a process that by its very nature entails transformative losses. This is just one of the reasons why meat has a significantly worse environmental footprint than plant-based alternatives. A found that the production of one kilogram of beef produces approximately 13 kilograms of CO 2 , whilst the same amount of protein flour produces less than one kilogram. Not too long ago, soy protein was the dominating basis for meat substitutes on the food market. Nowadays, there are far more plantbased sources of protein for both humans and pets available. Iris Zentara – Sales animal nutrition and care at Henry Lamotte Oils, a leading quality supplier for natural oils and related products such as protein flours, algae, essential oils and oleoresins. Overview: Protein flours The process of gently cold pressing oilseeds or fruit pulp produces oil and press cakes. The latter can be ground into a fine flour. These completely natural flours have a residual oil content of five to ten percent and contain very attractive components, such as • proteins and (essential and nonessential) amino acids • dietary fibers • energy • minerals and trace elements The flours are excellently suited for predominately plant-based or completely vegan pet food. In the following, we describe grain-free flours that are frequently available in organic qualities. Depending on the raw material and type of processing, the natural protein content lies between 30 and 50 percent. This can be further increased by natural, physical processing to approximately 80 percent, though this depends on the raw materials used. As does, the amino acid profile. The following flours contain all amino acids essential for dogs without exceptions. 10 Technology & Marketing

Ingredients Protein flours contribute to the holistic use of raw materials e.g., seeds. Pet parents interested in sustainability appreciate this feature. It also represents the flours of protein flours and press cake for responsible production and consumption – one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Hemp Flour Hemp products result from approved hemp varieties low in THC (= tetrahydrocannabinol). The hemp protein contained in the hemp press cake is made of approximately 65 percent edestin, a bioactive globulin protein that is easy to digest. Thanks to their residual oil content, hemp press cake and flour have an ideal fatty acid composition. They are a valuable plant-based source of essential omega-3 and -6 fatty acids, which, for example, can have a positive effect on the fur of both dogs and cats. Furthermore, they are rich in the branched amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine, which are important for muscle development. Hemp flour has a number of uses, e. g., in wet, supplementary and snack foods for dogs as well as in treats for horses. The Hemp can score with sustainability-aware pet parents: It is a crop that needs little or no pesticides or fertilizer since it grows faster than (almost) any weed. As a rich source of pollen for insects, hemp contributes significantly to biodiversity. At Henry Lamotte Oils, we also press organic hemp produced in Germany in our Oil Mill Lipos, some of which is locally sourced in neighboring Lower Saxony. Hemp can be cultivated and processed within a radius of 400 kilometers in Northern Germany, further optimizing its carbon footprint. Linseed Flour Linseed press cake and flour are valued as a plantbased source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid. Significant amounts of globulin and albumin, lead to pronounced water binding and emulsification capabilities. Thanks to their protein composition, linseed press cake and flour have good rheological properties, e. g., with respect to elasticity and firmness. Linseed flour is commonly used in dog treats. Alternatively, the flour can be substituted with coarsely ground linseed. It is easily digestible and contains 15 to 30 percent omega-3 fatty acids, since coarsely ground linseed has a significantly higher oil content – i.e., 35 to 40 percent – than press cake or flour. Furthermore, linseed is rich in lignan, a phytooestrogen with oxidation-inhibiting properties, which can have a positive effect on the feed quality. Sesame Flour The sulphuric amino acids methionine and cysteine make up a rather large portion of the protein content of sesame press cake and flour. These two amino acids are particularly (though not exclusively) known for • their oxidation-inhibiting properties in the intestines, Issue 3 2021 11

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